track(List,List,List) -- track a linear segment homotopy given start and target system

Synopsis

Function: track
Usage:

solsT = track(S,T,solsS)
Inputs:
- S, a list, contains the polynomials in the start system
- T, a list, contains the polynomials in the target system
- solsS, a list, contains start solutions
Optional inputs:
- AffinePatches => ..., default value null, reserved for developers
- CorrectorTolerance => ..., default value null, options for core functions of Numerical Algebraic Geometry
- EndZoneFactor => ..., default value null, options for core functions of Numerical Algebraic Geometry
- gamma => ..., default value null, options for core functions of Numerical Algebraic Geometry
- InfinityThreshold => ..., default value null, options for core functions of Numerical Algebraic Geometry
- maxCorrSteps => ..., default value null, options for core functions of Numerical Algebraic Geometry
- MultistepDegree => ..., default value null, options for core functions of Numerical Algebraic Geometry
- NoOutput => ..., default value null, options for core functions of Numerical Algebraic Geometry
- Normalize => ..., default value null, options for core functions of Numerical Algebraic Geometry
- numberSuccessesBeforeIncrease => ..., default value null, options for core functions of Numerical Algebraic Geometry
- Predictor => ..., default value null, options for core functions of Numerical Algebraic Geometry
- Projectivize => ..., default value null, options for core functions of Numerical Algebraic Geometry
- SingularConditionNumber => ..., default value null, set/get the default parameters for continuation algorithms
- SLP => ..., default value null, reserved for developers
- SLPcorrector => ..., default value null, reserved for developers
- SLPpredictor => ..., default value null, reserved for developers
- Software => ..., default value null, specify internal or external software
- stepIncreaseFactor => ..., default value null, options for core functions of Numerical Algebraic Geometry
- tDegree => ..., default value null, options for core functions of Numerical Algebraic Geometry
- tStep => ..., default value null, options for core functions of Numerical Algebraic Geometry
- tStepMin => ..., default value null, options for core functions of Numerical Algebraic Geometry
Outputs:
- a list, solsT is a list of points that are solutions of T=0 obtained by continuing solsS of S=0

Description

Polynomial homotopy continuation techniques are used to obtain solutions of the target system given a start system. For an introduction to the subject see

A.J. Sommese, J. Verschelde, and C.W. Wampler, "Introduction to numerical algebraic geometry", in "Solving polynomial equations" (2005), 301--338
A.J. Sommese and C.W. Wampler, "The numerical solution of systems of polynomials", World Scientific Publishing (2005)

The package implements a most commonly used homotopy:

H(t) = \gamma t^d T + (1-t)^d S

where S and T are square systems (number of equations = number of variables) of polynomials over CC, t is in the interval [0,1] and d = tDegree.

Here is an example with regular solutions at the ends of all homotopy paths:

i1 : R = CC[x,y];

i2 : S = {x^2-1,y^2-1};

i3 : T = {x^2+y^2-1, x*y};

i4 : solsS = {(1,-1),(1,1),(-1,1),(-1,-1)};

i5 : track(S,T,solsS)  

o5 = {{-4.40616e-16, -1}, {1, 1.22819e-15}, {4.40616e-16, 1}, {-1,
     ------------------------------------------------------------------------
     -1.22819e-15}}

o5 : List

Another outcome of tracking a path is divergence (established heuristically). In that case the divergent paths are marked with an I (status is set to Infinity).

i6 : R = CC[x,y];

i7 : S = {x^2-1,y^2-1};

i8 : T = {x^2+y^2-1, x-y};

i9 : solsS = {(1,-1),(1,1),(-1,1),(-1,-1)};

i10 : track(S,T,solsS,gamma=>0.6+0.8*ii) 

o10 = {[M,t=.999998], {.707107, .707107}, [M,t=.999998], {-.707107,
      -----------------------------------------------------------------------
      -.707107}}

o10 : List

Some divergent paths as well as most of the paths ending in singular (multiplicity>1) or near-singular (clustered) solutions are marked with an M (status is set to MinStepFailure).

i11 : R = CC[x,y];

i12 : S = {x^2-1,y^2-1};

i13 : T = {x^2+y^2-1, (x-y)^2};

i14 : solsS = {(1,-1),(1,1),(-1,1),(-1,-1)};

i15 : track(S,T,solsS)

o15 = {[M,t=.999998], [M,t=.999998], [M,t=.999998], [M,t=.999998]}

o15 : List

Tracking in the projective space uses the homotopy corresponding to an arc of a great circle on a unit sphere in the space of homogeneous polynomial systems of a fixed degree. In particular, this is done for certified homotopy tracking (see C. Beltran and A. Leykin, "Certified numerical homotopy tracking", Experimental Mathematics 21(1): 69-83 (2012)):

i16 : R = CC[x,y,z];

i17 : S = {x^2-z^2,y^2-z^2};

i18 : T = {x^2+y^2-z^2, x*y};

i19 : solsS = {(1,-1,1),(1,1,1),(-1,1,1),(-1,-1,1)};

i20 : track(S,T,solsS,Predictor=>Certified,Normalize=>true)

o20 = {{.00000107266, -.70712, .70712}, {.707125, -1.48993e-7, .707107},
      -----------------------------------------------------------------------
      {-.00000107266, .70712, .70712}, {-.707125, 1.48993e-7, .707107}}

o20 : List

Note that the projective tracker is invoked either if the target system is a homogeneous system or if Projectivize=>true is specified.

Caveat

Predictor=>Certified works only with (Software=>M2 or Software=>M2engine) and Normalize=>true.

Unspecified optional arguments (with default values null) have their actual values taken from a local hashtable of defaults controlled by the functions getDefault and setDefault.

Ways to use this method: