PythonObject -- a python object

Description

This type corresponds to all objects of the PyObject type in the Python C API, and in particular all of the types that users are familiar with from the Python language itself.

You can perform basic arithmetic on python objects.

i1 : x = pythonValue "5"

o1 = 5

o1 : PythonObject of class int

i2 : y = pythonValue "2"

o2 = 2

o2 : PythonObject of class int

i3 : x + y

o3 = 7

o3 : PythonObject of class int

i4 : x - y

o4 = 3

o4 : PythonObject of class int

i5 : x * y

o5 = 10

o5 : PythonObject of class int

i6 : x / y

o6 = 2.5

o6 : PythonObject of class float

You can also compare them.

i7 : x > y

o7 = true

i8 : x == y

o8 = false

You can also perform operations on python objects and Macaulay2 things. The results will be returned as python objects.

i9 : x + 2

o9 = 7

o9 : PythonObject of class int

Note that many keywords in Macaulay2 are mapped to a certain dunder method in Python. In particular,

+ → __add__ (binary), __pos__ (unary)
- → __sub__ (binary), __neg__ (unary)
* → __mul__
@ → __matmul__
/ → __truediv__
// → __floordiv__
% → __mod__
^ → __pow__
<< → __lshift__
>> → __rshift__
& → __and__
| → __or__
^^ → __xor__
and → __and__
or → __or__
xor → __xor__

Methods that use a python object:

?? PythonObject (missing documentation)
abs(PythonObject) -- absolute value of a python object
ceiling(PythonObject) -- ceiling of a python object
describe(PythonObject) (missing documentation)
expression(PythonObject) (missing documentation)
floor(PythonObject) -- floor of a python object
getattr(PythonObject,String) -- see getattr -- get an attribute of a python object
PythonObject @@ Thing -- see getattr -- get an attribute of a python object
getitem(PythonObject,Thing) -- see getitem -- get elements of python sequences
PythonObject _ Thing -- see getitem -- get elements of python sequences
hasattr(PythonObject,String) -- see hasattr -- whether a python object has an attribute
help(PythonObject) -- documentation for python object
isMember(PythonObject,PythonObject) -- see isMember(Thing,PythonObject) -- test membership in a python object
isMember(Thing,PythonObject) -- test membership in a python object
iterator(PythonObject) -- get iterator of iterable python object
length(PythonObject) -- returns the length of a python object
net(PythonObject) (missing documentation)
next(PythonObject) -- retrieve the next item from a python iterator
+ PythonObject
- PythonObject
PythonObject % PythonObject
PythonObject % Thing
PythonObject & PythonObject
PythonObject & Thing
PythonObject * PythonObject
PythonObject * Thing
PythonObject + PythonObject
PythonObject + Thing
PythonObject - PythonObject
PythonObject - Thing
PythonObject / PythonObject
PythonObject / Thing
PythonObject // PythonObject
PythonObject // Thing
PythonObject << PythonObject
PythonObject << Thing
PythonObject == PythonObject
PythonObject == Thing
PythonObject >> PythonObject
PythonObject >> Thing
PythonObject ? PythonObject
PythonObject ? Thing
PythonObject @ PythonObject
PythonObject @ Thing
PythonObject ^ PythonObject
PythonObject ^ Thing
PythonObject ^^ PythonObject
PythonObject ^^ Thing
PythonObject | PythonObject
PythonObject | Thing
PythonObject and PythonObject
PythonObject and Thing
PythonObject or PythonObject
PythonObject or Thing
PythonObject xor PythonObject
PythonObject xor Thing
Thing % PythonObject
Thing & PythonObject
Thing * PythonObject
Thing + PythonObject
Thing - PythonObject
Thing / PythonObject
Thing // PythonObject
Thing << PythonObject
Thing == PythonObject
Thing >> PythonObject
Thing ? PythonObject
Thing @ PythonObject
Thing ^ PythonObject
Thing ^^ PythonObject
Thing | PythonObject
Thing and PythonObject
Thing or PythonObject
Thing xor PythonObject
PythonObject %= Thing (missing documentation)
PythonObject &= Thing (missing documentation)
PythonObject *= Thing (missing documentation)
PythonObject += Thing (missing documentation)
PythonObject -= Thing (missing documentation)
PythonObject //= Thing (missing documentation)
PythonObject /= Thing (missing documentation)
PythonObject <<= Thing (missing documentation)
PythonObject >>= Thing (missing documentation)
PythonObject @= Thing (missing documentation)
PythonObject ^= Thing (missing documentation)
PythonObject ^^= Thing (missing documentation)
PythonObject |= Thing (missing documentation)
PythonObject ~ -- bitwise not of a python object
quotientRemainder(PythonObject,PythonObject) -- quotient and remainder of python objects
quotientRemainder(PythonObject,Thing) -- see quotientRemainder(PythonObject,PythonObject) -- quotient and remainder of python objects
quotientRemainder(Thing,PythonObject) -- see quotientRemainder(PythonObject,PythonObject) -- quotient and remainder of python objects
round(PythonObject) -- see round(ZZ,PythonObject) -- round a python object
round(PythonObject,PythonObject) -- see round(ZZ,PythonObject) -- round a python object
round(ZZ,PythonObject) -- round a python object
PythonObject @@ Thing = Thing -- see setattr -- set an attribute of a python object
setattr(PythonObject,String,Thing) -- see setattr -- set an attribute of a python object
PythonObject _ Thing = Thing -- see setitem -- set elements of mutable python sequences
setitem(PythonObject,Thing,Thing) -- see setitem -- set elements of mutable python sequences
texMath(PythonObject) (missing documentation)
toExternalString(PythonObject) (missing documentation)
PythonObject Thing -- see toFunction -- convert callable python objects to Macaulay2 functions
toFunction(PythonObject) -- see toFunction -- convert callable python objects to Macaulay2 functions
toPython(PythonObject) -- see toPython -- convert Macaulay2 things to Python objects
toString(PythonObject) (missing documentation)
truncate(PythonObject) -- truncate a python object
value(PythonObject) -- convert python objects to Macaulay2 things

For the programmer

The object PythonObject is a type, with ancestor class Thing.